The SQL cheat sheet provides you with the most commonly used SQL statements for your reference. You can download the SQL cheat sheet as follows:
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Querying data from a table
Query data in columns c1, c2 from a table
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Query all rows and columns from a table
SELECT * FROM t;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Query data and filter rows with a condition
SELECT c1, c2 FROM tWHERE condition;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Query distinct rows from a table
SELECT DISTINCT c1 FROM tWHERE condition;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Sort the result set in ascending or descending order
SELECT c1, c2 FROM tORDER BY c1 ASC [DESC];Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Skip offset of rows and return the next n rows
SELECT c1, c2 FROM tORDER BY c1 LIMIT n OFFSET offset;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Group rows using an aggregate function
SELECT c1, aggregate(c2)FROM tGROUP BY c1;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Filter groups using HAVING clause
SELECT c1, aggregate(c2)FROM tGROUP BY c1HAVING condition;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Querying from multiple tables
Inner join t1 and t2
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1INNER JOIN t2 ON condition;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Left join t1 and t1
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1LEFT JOIN t2 ON condition;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Right join t1 and t2
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1RIGHT JOIN t2 ON condition;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Perform full outer join
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1FULL OUTER JOIN t2 ON condition;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Produce a Cartesian product of rows in tables
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1CROSS JOIN t2;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Another way to perform cross join
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1, t2;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Join t1 to itself using INNER JOIN clause
SELECT c1, c2FROM t1 AINNER JOIN t1 B ON condition;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Using SQL Operators
Combine rows from two queries
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1UNION [ALL]SELECT c1, c2 FROM t2;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Return the intersection of two queries
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1INTERSECTSELECT c1, c2 FROM t2;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Subtract a result set from another result set
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1MINUSSELECT c1, c2 FROM t2;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Query rows using pattern matching %, _
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1WHERE c1 [NOT] LIKE pattern;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Query rows in a list
SELECT c1, c2 FROM tWHERE c1 [NOT] IN value_list;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Query rows between two values
SELECT c1, c2 FROM tWHERE c1 BETWEEN low AND high;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Check if values in a table is NULL or not
SELECT c1, c2 FROM tWHERE c1 IS [NOT] NULL;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Managing tables
Create a new table with three columns
CREATE TABLE t ( id INT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR NOT NULL, price INT DEFAULT 0);Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Delete the table from the database
DROP TABLE t ;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Add a new column to the table
ALTER TABLE t ADD column;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Drop column c from the table
ALTER TABLE t DROP COLUMN c ;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Add a constraint
ALTER TABLE t ADD constraint;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Drop a constraint
ALTER TABLE t DROP constraint;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Rename a table from t1 to t2
ALTER TABLE t1 RENAME TO t2;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Rename column c1 to c2
ALTER TABLE t1 RENAME c1 TO c2 ;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Remove all data in a table
TRUNCATE TABLE t;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Using SQL constraints
Set c1 and c2 as a primary key
CREATE TABLE t( c1 INT, c2 INT, c3 VARCHAR, PRIMARY KEY (c1,c2));Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Set c2 column as a foreign key
CREATE TABLE t1( c1 INT PRIMARY KEY, c2 INT, FOREIGN KEY (c2) REFERENCES t2(c2));Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Make the values in c1 and c2 unique
CREATE TABLE t( c1 INT, c1 INT, UNIQUE(c2,c3));Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Ensure c1 > 0 and values in c1 >= c2
CREATE TABLE t( c1 INT, c2 INT, CHECK(c1> 0 AND c1 >= c2));Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Set values in c2 column not NULL
CREATE TABLE t( c1 INT PRIMARY KEY, c2 VARCHAR NOT NULL);Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Modifying Data
Insert one row into a table
INSERT INTO t(column_list)VALUES(value_list);Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Insert multiple rows into a table
INSERT INTO t(column_list)VALUES (value_list), (value_list), …;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Insert rows from t2 into t1
INSERT INTO t1(column_list)SELECT column_listFROM t2;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Update new value in the column c1 for all rows
UPDATE tSET c1 = new_value;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Update values in the column c1, c2 that match the condition
UPDATE tSET c1 = new_value, c2 = new_valueWHERE condition;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Delete all data in a table
DELETE FROM t;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Delete subset of rows in a table
DELETE FROM tWHERE condition;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Managing Views
Create a new view that consists of c1 and c2
CREATE VIEW v(c1,c2) ASSELECT c1, c2FROM t;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Create a new view with check option
CREATE VIEW v(c1,c2) ASSELECT c1, c2FROM t;WITH [CASCADED | LOCAL] CHECK OPTION;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Create a recursive view
CREATE RECURSIVE VIEW v ASselect-statement -- anchor partUNION [ALL]select-statement; -- recursive partCode language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Create a temporary view
CREATE TEMPORARY VIEW v ASSELECT c1, c2FROM t;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Delete a view
DROP VIEW view_name;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Managing indexes
Create an index on c1 and c2 of the ttable
CREATE INDEX idx_name ON t(c1,c2);Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Create a unique index on c3, c4 of the ttable
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_nameON t(c3,c4)Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Drop an index
DROP INDEX idx_name;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)Managing triggers
Create or modify a trigger
CREATE OR MODIFY TRIGGER trigger_nameWHEN EVENTON table_name TRIGGER_TYPEEXECUTE stored_procedure;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)WHEN
- BEFORE – invoke before the event occurs
- AFTER – invoke after the event occurs
EVENT
- INSERT – invoke for INSERT
- UPDATE – invoke for UPDATE
- DELETE – invoke for DELETE
TRIGGER_TYPE
- FOR EACH ROW
- FOR EACH STATEMENT
Delete a specific trigger
DROP TRIGGER trigger_name;Code language: SQL (Structured Query Language) (sql)